How the Discovery of a Map Revised the History of the World
I. EARLY CHINESE VOYAGES OF DISCOVERY
Somewhere in the range of 1421 and 1423 the Chinese mounted the biggest armada the world had at any point seen which arrived at the most distant corners of the earth. The armada found and outlined the New World seventy years before Christopher Columbus and circumnavigated the globe 100 years before Magellan. The disclosure of these accomplishments has tested our thoughts of journeys of revelation and implies that our insight into history must be changed.
II. THE PIZZIGANO CHART
In the mid 1990’s Gavin Menzies, a previous British naval force skipper, found a surprising graph that was drafted in 1424 by a Venetian map maker named Zuane Pizzigano. The outline showed a gathering of four islands in the Caribbean – Satanazes, Antilia, Saya and Ymana that didn’t show up in other guide and stamped spots where no European had Cape Royale Price before like Patagonia, the Andes, Antarctica and the east shore of Africa.
Menzies verified that these pioneers were Chinese on the grounds that main they had the right stuff in astro-route, cultivation and had a gigantic armada sufficiently huge to mount such a legendary journey. (1)
III. Annihilation OF DOCUMENTARY EVIDENCE
At the point when the armada got back in October 1423, sovereign Zhu Di had tumbled from the high position and an extraordinary tempest had obliterated his castle. This was viewed as a terrible sign and subsequently when his child prevailed to the lofty position he dismissed the rest of the world and obliterated most of China’s reports recording China’s past expansionist strategies.
IV. ZHENG HE – THE EUNUCH
In 1402 sovereign Zhu Di prevailed to the lofty position by ousting Zhu Yunwen and in light of the fact that he was not his dad’s assigned beneficiary he looked to demonstrate the authenticity of his system according to the Gods by imagining an excellent arrangement and for its execution he went to his guardian, chief of naval operations Zheng He.
Zheng He was an eunuch. Eunuchs were Mongol young men whom the Chinese mutilated by cutting off their penises and gonads, in the wake of overcoming the Mongols in the fourteenth 100 years. Then, at that point, they were recruited into the military or utilized as private workers to the head.
The stupendous arrangement included framing a fleet to lay out a domain, constructing another capital city in Beijing and broadening the Great Wall of China.
V. THE GRAND PLAN
A. ‘Recognition System’
Zheng He was laid hold of to collect an enormous naval force to sail and diagram the expanses of the world bringing unfamiliar rulers and the whole world into China’s ‘recognition framework’. (2)
Under that framework rulers honored China as a trade-off for exchanging honors and security against foes. China generally gave its exchanging accomplices a more prominent worth of merchandise – silks and porcelain at limited costs, frequently financed by delicate credits – than was gotten from them. Subsequently they were in never-ending obligation to China.
B. Beijing – The New Imperial City
In 1404 in facilitation of an arrangement to fabricate another capital city four and a half million craftsmans and workers were utilized to deal with development and 1,000,000 to watch them.
Beijing was to be the scholarly capital of the world with libraries and capacity for 4,000 reference books, the assessments of 120 logicians and sages of the Song line along with editorials of masterminds from the eleventh and thirteenth hundreds of years.
This would be not normal for whatever else in that frame of mind of the existence where printing was obscure and culture and logical information falled a long ways behind.
C. The Great Wall of China
This had been worked somewhere in the range of 221 and 206 BC to shield the northern wildernesses from assault and the new wall was to run 6,400 kilometers west from the Pacific to the Heavenly Mountains in focal Asia.
VI. THE ARMADA
The Chinese had the most impressive naval force on the planet. Their fortune ships were maritime beasts worked of teak, the rudders stood 36 feet high and they could convey in excess of 2000 tons of freight. The galleys were safeguarded by toxophilite and were equipped with black powder weapons, cannons, mortars blazing bolts and detonating shells.
The naval force was coordinated like a cutting edge escort with the leads at the middle encompassed by trashes, 90 feet in length and 30 feet wide and an external ring of warships.
The boats could stay adrift for north of 90 days and cover 4500 miles on the grounds that going with them were water big haulers and grain ships with chickens, canines, pigs and different creatures for food and ponies for the cavalry.
Exchanging ships from different countries would participate and the through and through there were in excess of 800 ships and teams sufficiently enormous to fill a city.
Not at all like European journeys which were pointed toward tracking down treasure Chinese journeys
were logical endeavors and included different experts like mediators, pilots, architects and doctors to look for mending plants.
VII. MENZIES’ METHODOLOGY
To help his proposition that Zheng He had found the New World Gavin Menzies needed to follow the course the Chinese boats had taken yet in addition to track down hints of their presence in places along those courses.
A few 34 lines of proof had endure the obliteration of the records and he was likewise helped by his experience as a guide in the naval force and by Chinese history specialist, Ma Huan, who reported the first piece of the journey in quite a while journals. (3)
VIII. THE GREAT VOYAGE
A. Chinese Astronomy
The fleet set forth on March 8, 1421 and the body state of the boats implied that they needed to cruise before the breeze.
In Chinese cosmology scope was resolved not by the distance north of the equator but rather by the separation from the North Pole not set in stone by the height of Polaris, a brilliant star over the North Pole (for example its level over the skyline).
By cruising due south and keeping Polaris dead toward the back, the armada could gauge the star’s elevation with their sextants and from there on each 24 hours to decide the difference in scope (for example its distance south of the North Pole).
Polaris was not apparent in the southern half of the globe and in this manner couldn’t decide scope south of the equator.
B. Da Conti and Fra Mauro
As per Ma Huan the task force cruised towards the Indian Ocean where it was partitioned into four armadas – three under the order of Hong Bao, Zhou Man and Zhou Wen. Zheng He directed the fourth which cruised to south-east Asia prior to getting back in November 1421.
The armada then cruised to Calicut in India and afterward up the west shore of Africa to the Cape Verde islands.
In a report of his excursion to the Papacy a Venetian dealer named Niccolo da Conti (c. 1395 – 1469) portrayed the presence of Chinese warships in Calicut at the hour of his visit. Likewise, a guide of southern Africa dated 1459 and drawn by a Venetian map maker Fra Mauro, incorporated a drawing of Zheng He’s trashes.
The two men guaranteed that a Chinese garbage had cruised round the Cape of Good Hope and into the south Atlantic and this was affirmed by a Chinese graph dat 1420 called the Kangnido map which precisely portrayed the shorelines of Africa and probably been drawn by somebody who cruised round the Cape.
Moreover the Chinese had an act of passing on cut stones as landmarks to their accomplishments when they halted at puts on their journeys. Instances of stones found were the Matadi Falls in the Congo, an unattached one in Janela in Africa and one more in Dondra Head in Sri Lanka.
Subsequent to leaving the Cape Verde islands the armada isolated so naval commander Zhou Wen went north with the ongoing through the Caribbean to North America while chief naval officers Hong Bao and Zhou Man took the ongoing due south towards South America.
C. The Piri Reis Map
This guide of South America drafted by an Ottoman chief of naval operations named Piri Reis in 1428 affirms that the armada went to the Orinoco Delta and the Amazon. DNA of American Indian people groups in the Amazon, Brazil and Venezuela showed that they had sicknesses one of a kind to China.
The breezes then, at that point, conveyed the armada to Patagonia in south Argentina. Various birds and creatures had been taken to and from the Americas. The Piri Reis map portrayed a deer in Patagonia, a guanaco (kind of camel) and a mountain lion which are local to South America. A local man and a canine headed man or mylodon were found in the Chinese book considered The Illustrated Record of Strange Countries 1430 which portrayed creatures tracked down by the Chinese on their movements.
The Europeans likewise found when they showed up rice fields – a yield unfamiliar to the Americas-in Mexico and Brazil, cotton remarkable to North America in the Cape Verde islands and coconuts from the South Pacific in Puerto Rico. Bananas, tobacco, yams and maize from the Amazon were additionally sent out to south-east Asia.
IX. THE VOYAGE OF HONG BAO
His main goal was to diagram the world east of the Falkland Islands. The flow drove the armada into a tight waterway which is broadly known as ‘The Strait of Magellan’ since it is an ocean course between the Atlantic and Pacific seas.
Then, at that point, the armada cruised to Antarctica as far south as the South Pole. A mariner from Bologna named Ludovico de Varthema in 1506 guaranteed that two Chinese mariners let him know that the Chinese had cruised by the Southern Cross to locales that were freezing and had daylight for just four hours every day which they could have known by cruising there themselves. What’s more the Piri Reis map showed ice running due south of the Strait of Magellan and probably been drawn by somebody who cruised close by it.
The armada then got under the Canopus, a monster star straight over the South
Shaft.
A. Canopus
Getting under Canopus and knowing the boundary of the earth empowered the armada to compute the place of the South Pole. By cross-referring to Canopus to Polaris they could then utilize that star to get scope anyplace in the southern half of the globe.
B.Australia – West Coast
Hong Bao’s armada was conveyed by the current toward the west shore of Australia through the island of Kerguelen as recognized in the Dictionary of Ming Biography of Records and on the Chinese outline the Wu Pei Chi 1422.